A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2: The different language levels when learning a foreign language

According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), language learners’ proficiency can be categorised into language levels. Each level describes the skills that language learners possess in a foreign language in various contexts. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is an internationally recognised system. It distinguishes between basic proficiency (A1–A2), intermediate proficiency (B1–B2) and advanced proficiency (C1–C2). In addition, these six levels can be subdivided into further sub-levels (half-levels).

• Go to language level A1
• Go to language level A2
• Go to language level B1
• Go to language level B2
• Go to language level C1
• Go to language level C2

The sub-levels further subdivide the main levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) to allow for a more precise differentiation of language proficiency. These sub-levels help to describe the various stages of development of language learners more accurately. They provide a more precise assessment of language skills and make it easier to track learning progress. 

At A2 level, you can communicate in routine situations, i.e. understand and use everyday expressions (e.g. information about yourself, your family, when shopping, at work and in your immediate surroundings). You are also able to describe yourself using simple means (e.g. with regard to your background, education, immediate surroundings or specific needs).

At level A2, you can, amongst other things, cope with the following areas in the language you have learnt:

• A2.1: You can understand and use simple sentences and frequently used expressions to meet basic needs. You are also able to talk about everyday topics (e.g. family, hobbies).
• A2.2: You can interact with others in everyday and routine conversations, particularly in standardised, simple communication situations.

With B2-level language skills, you can understand the main points of complex texts on abstract topics and engage in specialist discussions. You are able to communicate on a wide range of personal and business topics. At B2 level, you can express yourself spontaneously and in detail without much effort. Your vocabulary is varied, and although mistakes still occur, they do not hinder communication.

At B2 level, you can, for example, handle the following areas in the language you have learnt:

• B2.1: You can understand more detailed texts and express yourself clearly and spontaneously to a greater extent, even in more complex conversational situations.
• B2.2: You can express yourself confidently and precisely on more abstract and complex topics (e.g. political, cultural or economic issues), both in writing and orally.

This is the highest level of the CEFR, at which you have an almost perfect command of the language. You communicate at a level very close to that of a native speaker. You can effortlessly understand everything in the language, both spoken and written. You are able to communicate fluently and precisely in all contexts.

At level C2, for example, you can handle the following areas in the language you have learnt:

• C2.1: You have mastered the foreign language to the highest standard. You can communicate fluently and with nuance in all situations, whether in academic, professional or private contexts. However, you may still encounter occasional challenges when using highly specialised or deeply abstract language.
• C2.2: You have mastered the language with the same fluency, accuracy and precision as a native speaker. You are also able to express yourself with ease in every conceivable professional, academic and social context, even when dealing with highly complex and abstract topics.